女贞和白蜡树的树皮结构及次生韧皮部发育的季节变化

女贞（ＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｕｍｂｕｃｉｄｕｍＡｉｔ）和白蜡树（ＦｒａｘｉｎｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＲｏｘｂ）是白蜡虫的两种主要寄主树。树皮由外向内为周皮,皮层,初生韧皮部的纤维束和次生韧皮部．它们的筛管分子具复筛板或单筛板,具Ｐ－蛋白质和筛管淀粉。伴胞为与筛管分等长的一列或单个细胞。筛管寿命在女贞中最长为一年,在白蜡树中则不超过８个月．形成层活动时间在女贞中是３月中下旬到１１月中旬,在白蜡树中是３月中下旬到１１月下旬．两种树木的木质部和韧皮部在３月中旬已开始分化,木质部和韧皮部分化停止的时间在女贞中分别是１１月中旬和１２月下旬;在白蜡树中分别是９月下旬和１１月下旬．两种树木在冬季都有部分分化的筛管分子,白蜡树中的部分分化的筛管分子于秋季形成,翌年３月中旬成熟,同年９—１０月瓦解。女贞枝条冬季平均保留１７０．２μｍ的具功能韧皮部区;而白蜡树在径向仅保留数列细胞宽的具功能韧皮都区越冬．     

女贞子提取物对帕金森病大鼠神经炎性反应及内质网应激PERK/ATF4通路的影响

摘要 目的：探讨与分析女贞子提取物对帕金森病大鼠神经炎性反应及内质网应激蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶（PERK）/转录活化因子4（ATF4）通路的影响。方法：采用单侧注射6-羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）毁损法建立帕金森病大鼠模型,将造模成功的大鼠36只随机平分为三组-模型组、左旋多巴组与女贞子组,每组各12只。左旋多巴组与女贞子组分别灌胃0.5 mL的左旋多巴、女贞子提取物,模型组给予无菌蒸馏水0.5 mL,2次/d,连续给药4周,检测大鼠神经炎性反应、内质网应激PERK/ATF4通路相关蛋白表达变化情况。结果：左旋多巴组与女贞子组治疗第2周、第4周的探究性反应次数显著高于模型组（P<0.05）,女贞子组与左旋多巴组对比也有显著提高（P<0.05）。左旋多巴组与女贞子组治疗第2周、第4周的脑组织伊文思蓝含量显著低于模型组（P<0.05）,女贞子组与左旋多巴组对比也有显著降低（P<0.05）。左旋多巴组与女贞子组治疗第2周、第4周的血清丙二醛、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α、一氧化氮含量显著低于模型组（P<0.05）,女贞子组与左旋多巴组对比也有显著降低（P<0.05）。左旋多巴组与女贞子组治疗第2周、第4周的黑质-纹状体组织PERK蛋白、ATF4蛋白相对表达水平显著低于模型组（P<0.05）,女贞子组与左旋多巴组对比也有显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：女贞子提取物在帕金森病大鼠的应用能改善神经功能,降低脑组织伊文思蓝含量,还可抑制PERK/ATF4通路的激活,降低血清丙二醛、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α、一氧化氮含量,从而持续发挥脑保护作用。     

灵芝孢子粉中氨基酸和微量元素的分析

本文用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了灵芝孢子粉中的19种氨基酸,其总含量为7.20g/100g,其中牛磺酸(含0.02g/100g)为作者首次测得。我们还用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES法)测定了灵芝孢子粉中14种微量元素和8种常量元素,其中Ge的含量为5.9mg/kg,Hg、As、Pb的含量依次为<0.01、1.5、2.2mg/kg,而P、Fe、Zn等有益元素的含量介于0.12×10~3mg/kg与6.22×10~3mg/kg之间。     

Reflective organelles in the anterior pigment epithelium of the iris of the European starling Sturnus vulgaris

The ultrastructure and chemical composition of reflective organelles in the anterior pigment epithelium of the iris of the European starling Sturnus vulgaris were examined. The reflective organelles produced a diffuse white reflectance at the iris mid-section which was visible only when the stroma was removed. The pigment granules were clear, angular, and birefringent under the light microscope. In electron micrographs the granules were irregular in shape and density, sometimes crystalline in appearance, but more often they were lost during sectioning or staining. Guanine was abundant in the modified pigment epithelium of the starling, but not in the pigment epithelia of other birds that lacked birefringent granules. Pteridines, such as xanthopterin and leucopterin, were present in small amounts. Pteridines were also present in the iris stroma which had no reflective organelles. The reflective organelles in the starling pigment epithelium resemble both the reflecting platelets of lower vertebrate chromatophores and the reflective granules in the tapeta of various vertebrates. Possible derivation of the organelles from these sources is discussed.     

Effects of microbial volatile organic compounds on Ganoderma lucidum growth and ganoderic acids production in Co-v-cultures (volatile co-cultures)

Abstract

Co-v-culture (co-cultivations of physically separated microbes that only interact through the air) systems were designed to investigate the effects of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) from about 20 different microbes, on a medicinal fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. For more accuracy in co-cultivations, a novel synchronized cultivation approach was tested for culturing G. lucidum. The hyphal growth of G. lucidum and the content of its ganoderic acids (GAs) were measured. In almost all of the co-v-cultures, there was an inhibiting effect on hyphal growth and a promoting effect on GAs contents. In inducing GAs production, Bacillus cereus PTCC 1247 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UTMC 1404 were the most effective ones, as, compared to control cultures, GAs content increased 2.8 fold. Comparing different co-v-cultivations demonstrated that the concentrations of mVOCs, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were the main players in co-v-cultures. No correlation was found between hyphal growth and GAs production. Strains of the same species imposed totally different effects on hyphal growth or GAs production. This study has investigated the effects of mVOCs on G. lucidum for the first time. Moreover, it suggests that co-v-cultivation may be a promising biotechnological approach to improve the production in G. lucidum.     

玉米灵芝菌粮营养成分及加工特性变化研究

玉米作为主要的杂粮谷物,营养价值高,维生素、膳食纤维等含量丰富,可以预防多种亚健康疾病,受到市场追捧。但是玉米粉营养结构不均衡、加工性差,限制其应用。有研究表明,微生物发酵技术可以改善谷物的营养成分、大分子物质结构和加工特性。基于此,利用灵芝固态发酵玉米,得到玉米灵芝菌粮（简称菌粮）,从营养成分、大分子物质结构和加工特性3个方面对其进行评价。结果显示,与未发酵玉米相比,菌粮中碳水化合物、蛋白质含量分别提高了748%、28.00%,且蛋白质的氨基酸评分提高,而脂肪含量降低了52.56%;维生素C、核黄素和烟酸含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,分别提高了56.19%、73.91%和20.27%,且玉米中缺乏的硫胺素在菌粮中被检测到;菌粮中各类淀粉和纤维的含量也发生了显著变化（P<0.05）,淀粉、支链淀粉含量分别降低了11.17%、34.70%,直链淀粉含量提高了26.66%,粗纤维、不溶性膳食纤维含量分别降低了21.07%、21.47%,可溶性膳食纤维含量提高了13.57%;菌粮粉粘度降低,水溶性指数提高,吸水性指数和溶胀力降低;此外,与灵芝子实体相比,菌粮中灵芝三萜和灵芝酸含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,分别为灵芝子实体的1.68和2.07倍。灵芝固态发酵玉米得到的玉米灵芝菌粮,营养结构更加均衡,功能活性提高,具有更高的营养价值;大分子物质结构发生改变,加工特性得到改善,冲调特性更好。研究结果为食用菌发酵改良谷物特性的研究提供了参考和指导。     

Comparison of Rapid DNA Extraction Methods Applied to PCR Identification of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma spp.

Abstract

Four different DNA extraction methods were used to extract genomic DNA of the medicinal mushroom Lingzhi from its developing stage materials, such as mycelium, dry fruiting body, or sliced and spore powder or sporoderm‐broken spore powder. The DNA samples were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis, UV spectrophotometer, and PCR amplification. According to the average yields and purity of DNA, high salt concentrations and low pH methods were the best for DNA extraction. The mycelia and sporoderm‐broken spore powder yielded higher and purer DNA. The method developed could effectively eliminate the influence of the secondary metabolites to DNA extraction. The DNA samples extracted from the developed method could be successfully used for PCR applications.     

Chitin and chitosan biopolymer production from the Iranian medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum: Optimization and characterization

Abstract

Chitin and chitosan with unique properties and numerous applications can be produced from fungus. The production of chitin and chitosan from the mycelia of an Iranian Ganoderma lucidum was studied to improve cell growth and chitin productivity. Inoculum size and initial pH as two effective variables on the growth of G. lucidum and chitin production were optimized using response surface method (RSM) by central composite design (CCD). The results verified the significant effect of these two variables on the cell growth and chitin production. In optimum conditions, including pH?=?5.7 and inoculum size of 7.4%, the cell dry weight was 5.91?g/L and the amount of chitin production was 1.08?g/L with the productivity of 0.083?g/(L day). The produced chitin and chitosan were characterized using XRD and FTIR. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the produced chitosan was investigated and compared with the commercial chitosan. The results showed that the produced chitin and chitosan had suitable quality and the Iranian G. lucidum would be a great source for safe and high-quality chitin and chitosan production.     

菌糠二次利用栽培黑木耳试验研究

为充分利用营养没有得到充分吸收的栽培过食用菌的废弃菌糠、明确在牡丹江地区再利用食用菌菌糠生产黑木耳的适宜比例,以灵芝和鲍鱼菇的废弃菌糠为试验材料,进行不同配方的对比试验。试验结果表明：黑木耳培养料中灵芝菌糠体积分数为30%时栽培效果最佳,显著优于参入鲍鱼菇菌糠的各种培养料配方（P〈0.01）。因此,可以利用灵芝菌糠废料作为替代料栽培黑木耳使用。     

Alternative pathways of liana communities in the forests of northwestern Argentina

Liana dynamics in secondary and mature forests are well known in tropical areas dominated by native tree species. Outside the tropics and in secondary forests invaded by exotic species, knowledge is scarce. In this study, we compare liana communities between secondary and mature forests dominated by native species in a subtropical montane area of Sierra de San Javier, Tucuman, Argentina. Additionally, we evaluate changes of liana communities in secondary forests with increasing densities of Ligustrum lucidum and Morus alba, two of the most invasive exotic trees of the area. We surveyed liana species richness and density in three 30-year secondary patches, four 60-year secondary patches, and four mature patches dominated by native tree species, to analyze changes in liana communities with forest age. Within each patch, we sampled 10–25 20 × 20 m quadrats. Additionally, we surveyed liana density and species richness in secondary forest patches with different densities of L. lucidum and M. alba. In native-dominated forests, liana species richness increased and showed a tendency of increasing basal area from 30-year secondary forests to mature forests. Liana density was highly variable, and most of the species were shared between native-dominated secondary and mature forests. Liana density and species richness decreased with L. lucidum density, whereas in secondary forests highly dominated by M. alba, lianas increased in density. Overall, lianas followed different pathways influenced by native forest succession and exotic tree invasions.